Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumours among women worldwide. Early diagnosis is one of the significant factors in survival. Therefore, it is essential for every woman to be aware of the key symptoms, the technique of self-examination, and to promptly consult a doctor if suspicious changes are detected.

Breast cancer symptoms: what women should pay attention to

Pathological changes in the breast tissue often first manifest with the following symptoms:

• A lump in the breast area (defined nodule)

• Nipple inversion

• Nipple discharge (especially bloody or clear)

• Changes in the colour and texture of the breast skin (“orange peel effect”)

• Redness, swelling, or ulceration of the breast or its area

• Changes in the size and shape of the breast

• A palpable lump in the armpit or supraclavicular fossa that is painful or painless on touch

If any of these symptoms are observed, it is crucial to consult a specialist immediately.

Visual examination and self-examination

Self-examination is one of the important tools for preventive self-care, which is recommended monthly, on days 7-12 after the end of the menstrual cycle, and during menopause — on the same date every month.

How to conduct a visual examination:

1. Stand in front of a mirror and carefully observe the skin of the breasts:

   • Is there any swelling, puckering, or colour change?

   • Check the state of the nipples — inversion, damage, discharge.

2. Place your hands behind your head and push your chest forward;

   • Observe breast symmetry, shape, and surface skin.

3. Bend at 90 degrees and examine both breasts in the mirror again.

Self-palpation technique

During self-examination, use the pads of three fingers (index, middle, and ring):

• When examining the left breast, use the right hand and vice versa;

• Place your hands behind your head;

• Use your fingers to check the inner and outer parts of the breast;

• The movement should be circular, superficial, and then deep;

• Check for discharge from the nipples (gently squeeze the nipple with your thumb and index finger);

What should a woman do if suspicious symptoms are discovered?

Upon discovering any suspicious symptom, it is essential to immediately consult:

• Primary healthcare provider — the family doctor, who will refer you to the appropriate specialist;

• Specialty clinic or screening centre, where comprehensive examinations can be conducted.

Screening at the Jordanian Medical Centre

At the Jordanian Medical Centre, women are offered a three-step screening, based on international standards:

🔹 Physical examination (palpation) 🔹 Ultrasound examination (of the breast and regional lymph nodes) 🔹 2D mammography 🔹 if necessary — 3D mammography (tomosynthesis) and MRI 🔹 as needed — COR-biopsy (large needle) or FNA-biopsy (fine needle)